Redefining Perfect Babies/Perfect Motherhood: A Study of Mothers of Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities

Recipient: Landsman, Gail (Albany, NY 12222 USA) in affiliation with SUNY Research Foundation, Albany

Goal: To support a study of mothers of disabled infants and toddlers that will exam- ine how medical technology affects our definitions of what it means to be fullyhuman and the cultural meanings of terms such as "normal" and "disabled."

Grant: 159845 / RH-21287-95,   Category: Anthropology,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

On the Prospect of Technologies Aimed at the Enhancement of Human Capacities

Recipient: Callahan, Daniel (Garrison, NY 10524-5555 USA) in affiliation with Hastings Center

Goal: To support an interdisciplinary team of scientists and humanists who will in- vestigate the ethical dimensions of enhancing human capabilities with newly available technologies in genetics, psychopharmacology, and cosmetic surgery.

Grant: 159844 / RH-21271-95,   Category: Interdisciplinary,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

Disease and Imperial Policy, Britain, 1860-1918

Recipient: Levine, Philippa J (Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA) in affiliation with University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA 90089-0012 USA)

Goal: To support a historical study of public health policies promulgated by British authorities in various colonies and in Britain from 1860 to 1918 for the con- trol of sexually transmitted diseases.

Grant: 159839 / RH-21243-95,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

The Development of Professional Monopoly in French Medicine

Recipient: Ramsey, Matthew D (Nashville, TN 37235-0000 USA) in affiliation with Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN 37240 USA)

Goal: To support a study of how France in the early 19th century came to establish a single professional practice of medicine through the legal exclusion and re- pression of competing healers.

Grant: 159846 / RH-21291-95,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

INVENTIO FORTUNATA and Polar Cartography, 1360-1700

Recipient: West, Delno C (Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA) in affiliation with Northern Arizona University

Goal: To support a study of how a largely symbolic representation of the earth's north polar region written in 1360 came to be accepted by Renaissance cartogra-phers as scientific knowledge and persisted on maps until the 17th century.

Grant: 159847 / RH-21294-95,   Category: Geography,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

Against Sentimentality: The Life and Work of Marie E. Zakrzewska, 1829-1902

Recipient: Tuchman, Arleen M (Nashville, TN 37235-0000 USA) in affiliation with Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN 37240 USA)

Goal: To support the preparation of a biography of Marie Zakrzewska, one of the most prominent female physicians in America during the second half of the 19th cen- tury.

Grant: 159841 / RH-21250-95,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

The Role of Alchemy in Early Modern Science: The Collaboration of Robert Boyle and George Starkey

Recipient: Newman, William R (Bloomington, IN 47405 USA) in affiliation with Indiana University, Bloomington

Goal: To support a study of the collaboration of the early chemist Robert Boyle and the American alchemist George Starkey in order to examine the integration of the theories and practices of alchemy and early chemistry in the 17th century.

Grant: 159848 / RH-21301-95,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

Nuclear Technology and the Making of Postwar France

Recipient: Hecht, Gabrielle (Ann Arbor, MI 94305 USA) in affiliation with Stanford University (Stanford, CA 94305 USA)

Goal: To support a study of the history of the French nuclear industry that will ex- amine the role of the development of this large-scale technology in reshaping French national identity and self-image following World War II.

Grant: 159842 / RH-21253-95,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

American Life: Biologists and the Shaping of a Nation

Recipient: Pauly, Philip (New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA) in affiliation with Rutgers University, New Brunswick (New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA)

Goal: To support the research and writing of a broad, synthetic history of the bio- logical sciences in the United States that will elucidate the relationships be-tween biology and wider American society from 1800 to 1940.

Grant: 159840 / RH-21244-95,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1995

Democracy and Science in Russia and the Former Soviet Union: A Historical Investigation

Recipient: Graham, Loren R (Cambridge, MA 02139-0000 USA) in affiliation with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA 02139 USA)

Goal: To support a study of the impact on science and science policy of authoritativeand democratic forms of government in Russia and the USSR, which will also con-vene Russian and American scholars to discuss the results of the study.

Grant: 159834 / RH-21196-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Race, Mental Health, and Children in New York

Recipient: Rosner, David (New York, NY 10032 USA) in affiliation with CUNY Research Foundation, Bernard Baruch College (New York, NY 10159 USA)

Goal: To support the research and writing of a history of the development of mental health and social services for African-American and Hispanic youth in New York City from 1940 to 1976.

Grant: 159811 / RH-21048-92,   Category: American History,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Conduct Unbecoming of a Woman: Gender, Professionalism, and the Emergence of Gynecological Surgery in America

Recipient: Morantz-Sanchez, Regina (Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA) in affiliation with University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Goal: To support a history of the emergence of the medical specialty of gynecologicalsurgery in the United States in the late 19th century, which focuses on a libel suit brought by the surgeon Mary Dixon Jones in 1892.

Grant: 159833 / RH-21194-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Ethical Constraints in Medical Science: Clinical Testing of Vaccines, 1930-60

Recipient: Halpern, Sydney A (Chicago, IL 60607 USA) in affiliation with University of Illinois at Chicago

Goal: To support the research and writing of a history of the use of human subjects for clinical testing of vaccines from 1930 to 1960 that focuses on the develop-ment of informal ethical standards and controls within research communities.

Grant: 159832 / RH-21188-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

The Invention of Technical Language

Recipient: Lang, Helen (Hartford, CT 06106-0000 USA) in affiliation with Trinity College, Hartford (Hartford, CT 06106 USA)

Goal: To support a study of the gradual development in ancient Greece and the later Hellenistic period of a specialized technical vocabulary for science and phil- osophy that assesses the separation of technical language from common usage.

Grant: 159835 / RH-21201-94,   Category: History of Philosophy,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

History of Tourette's Syndrome, 1825-1993

Recipient: Kushner, Howard I (Canada) in affiliation with San Diego State University Foundation (San Diego, CA 92182 USA)

Goal: To support a history of Tourette's syndrome, a neurological disorder character-ized by involuntary motor and vocal tics, which would examine how medical syn- dromes are constructed and how their definitions change over time.

Grant: 159829 / RH-21165-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Hermann von Helmholtz and the Cultural Image of Science

Recipient: Cahan, David L (Lincoln, NE 68588-0327 USA) in affiliation with University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Lincoln, NE 68588 USA)

Goal: To support the preparation of a biography of the 19th-century German sci- entist Hermann von Helmholtz, who is known for his pioneering work on conserva-tion of energy and sensory physiology and his invention of the ophthalmoscope.

Grant: 159830 / RH-21168-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Moments of Science: Ideological and Technological Aspects

Recipient: Wise, M. Norton (Princeton, NJ 08544 USA) in affiliation with Princeton University

Goal: To support the research and writing of a history of science that will examine the social and cultural contexts for significant advances in the physical sciences from the 18th to the 20th centuries.

Grant: 159837 / RH-21222-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Rationalism, Science and the Transformation of Medieval Society

Recipient: Marrone, Steven (Medford, MA 02155-0000 USA) in affiliation with Tufts University (Medford, MA 02155 USA)

Goal: To support a historical study of social and cultural factors contributing to the rise of rationalism and of the authority of science in Europe from the 12th to the 14th centuries.

Grant: 159831 / RH-21185-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Scientific and Popular Cultures in Late Renaissance Italy

Recipient: Eamon, William (Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA) in affiliation with New Mexico State University, Las Cruces

Goal: To support a study of the interaction of popular and learned culture and ideas of nature in the 16th century, which will focus on the life and writings of the Italian physician and natural philosopher Leonardo Fioravanti.

Grant: 159836 / RH-21205-94,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1994

Typhoid Mary and the Public's Health

Recipient: Leavitt, Judith W (Madison, WI 53706-1585 USA) in affiliation with University of Wisconsin, Madison (Madison, WI 53706 USA)

Goal: To support the research and writing of the story of Mary Mallon, known as Ty- phoid Mary, a topic that addresses the conflict between rights and responsi- bilities of individuals and public health authorities in 20th-century America.

Grant: 159822 / RH-21102-93,   Category: History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine,   Division: Research Programs,   Year Awarded: 1993